Ramos, M. D., et al. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic 99 (2014): 79-84.
Organobentonites were prepared by exchanging sodium bentonite with benzyltriethylammonium chloride, and their cation exchange capacities were 1.0 and 2.1 times that of clay, respectively. The enzyme activities of the two organobentonite-immobilized lipases were 511.5 and 177.8 U/g support, respectively, and the activity recoveries were 33.5% and 14.7%, respectively.
Synthesis and Characterization of Organoclay
The starting clay was natural bentonite from Valle del Cauca, Colombia, separated by particle size (fraction <2 μm) according to a gravimetric precipitation procedure. The clay was homogenized with 1.0 M NaCl, repeatedly washed with deionized water until free of chloride, dried at 60 °C, and finally ground and sieved in a 100 mesh sieve. The obtained clay (bentonite exchanged with sodium) was denoted as Na Bent.
Modification of the bentonite was carried out via the exchange of the Na+ cations present in the clay (Na-Bent) with quaternary ammonium cations of the benzyltriethylammonium ion (BTEA+). For the synthesis of the organoclay, two concentrations of the quaternary ammonium salt were used, 1.0 and 2.1 equivalents of the CEC ofthe Na-Bent. Sodium bentonite in water (2%, w/v) was mixed with a BTEAC solution until a clay-solution ratio of 1:100 g/mL was obtained. The suspensions were stirred at 250 rpm and heated to 45 °C for 10 h, and the solid was then separated by centrifugation, washed and dried at 35 °C for 12 h. The two organoclays are designated BTEA-1.0-Bent and BTEA-2.1-Bent, respectively.
Xu, Cheng, et al. ChemNanoMat 5.11 (2019): 1367-1372.
Aluminum-ion batteries have the advantages of abundant aluminum sources, low flammability, good three-electron redox performance, and high theoretical capacity, and have received increasing attention. However, the electrolyte system of aluminum-ion batteries has problems such as high price and low capacity. A new AlCl3/benzyltriethylammonium chloride electrolyte for aluminum-ion batteries was prepared. The battery showed good performance at high current density: 102 mA h g-1 at 5 A g-1 cycle, Coulombic efficiency of about 98%; 91 mA h g-1 at 10 A g-1 cycle after 1500 cycles. At a current density of 25 A g-1, it only takes 13 seconds to charge/discharge.
Preparation of Electrolyte
Before the experiment, anhydrous aluminum chloride (AlCl3, 99%) and benzyltriethylammonium chloride (TEBAC, 98%) were dried in vacuum at 60 °C for 6 h. When cooled to room temperature, the powder was transferred to a glove box filled with Ar (≦1 ppm O2, ≦1 ppm H2O). Then, AlCl3 was slowly added to the weighing bottle at different molar ratios (2.2-2.5) and placed on a hot plate at 140 °C for 1 hour. When the compound cooled to room temperature, a currant-colored ionic liquid electrolyte was prepared.
Elgubbi, H. M., Siti Salhah Othman, and Farah Wahida Harun. Int. J. Eng. Technol 9 (2020): 850-856.
Kaolinite is a clay with the empirical structural formula Al2Si2O5(OH)4. In its natural state, the adsorption capacity of kaolinite clay can be modified by various methods to obtain the desired chemical, surface and structural properties for different industrial applications. Kaolinite is easily chemically modified by a cation exchange process, which makes it possible to improve its hydrophobicity, thereby further enhancing the interaction between organic molecules such as enzymes and clay.
Modification of Kaolin with Benzyltriethylammonium Chloride
1. Benzyltriethylammonium chloride (BTEA-Cl) with a concentration of 0.5~2.0 CEC was dissolved in deionized water.
2. Sodium kaolin was then added to the surfactant solution, followed by continuous stirring at 250 rpm overnight, and the mixture was heated at a temperature of 45 °C for 10 h.
3. The mixture was then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 30 min, followed by washing several times with deionized water and drying at 35 °C for 12 h.
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