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Zhao, Xiaohu, Bo Fan, and Yu-Cai He. Fuel 407 (2026): 137265.
Benzyltrimethylammonium chloride (TMBAC) has been employed as a key component in a deep eutectic solvent (DES)/γ-valerolactone (GVL) system for the efficient pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass, specifically Sorghum straw. In this study, TMBAC was combined with glycerol at a 1:1 molar ratio to form a transparent DES, which, when blended with GVL, constituted the reaction medium for biomass processing. Acting as a hydrogen-bond acceptor, TMBAC facilitated the solubilization and selective depolymerization of hemicellulose, enhancing the accessibility of cellulose and improving the overall efficiency of the pretreatment process.
The DES/GVL system, in conjunction with a biochar-based magnetic bifunctional solid acid catalyst (PMSA) bearing Lewis acid (Fe ions) and Brønsted acid (-SO₃H groups) sites, enabled targeted conversion of hemicellulose to furfural and xylo-oligosaccharides. Optimized conditions (181.2 °C, 20 min, 4.23 wt% PMSA, 71.9 vol% GVL) yielded a furfural production of 72.5 % and xylo-oligosaccharides at 1.2 g/L. Mechanistic analysis revealed that TMBAC stabilized the DES structure, promoting efficient hydrogen bonding and enhancing mass transfer between the biomass and catalytic sites.
Notably, the catalyst retained over 50 % furfural yield after four recycling cycles, while the DES/GVL solvent system could be recovered and reused with minimal loss in performance. Post-pretreatment enzymatic hydrolysis of residues demonstrated significantly enhanced glucose yields, confirming improved cellulose accessibility and reduced lignin interference.
This study highlights benzyltrimethylammonium chloride as an effective DES component for green biorefinery applications, enabling sustainable, high-efficiency biomass fractionation with potential scalability for industrial furfural production.
Yan, Jianlin, et al. Journal of Molecular Liquids 376 (2023): 121451.
Benzyltrimethylammonium chloride (BTACl) has been demonstrated as a highly effective hydrogen-bond acceptor for the preparation of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) aimed at the selective extraction of diethoxymethane (DEM) from ethanol (EA). In this study, BTACl was combined with glycerol (GLY) and ethylene glycol (EG) to form DESs, which were subsequently evaluated for their liquid-liquid extraction performance. COSMO-SAC computational screening of 1000 DES candidates identified BTACl/GLY as exhibiting the highest selectivity, while BTACl/EG and TEACl/EG showed comparable but slightly lower performance.
The liquid-liquid equilibrium measurements confirmed the superior extraction capability of BTACl-based DESs compared to conventional organic solvents, highlighting their potential for sustainable and efficient separation processes. Mechanistic studies using quantum chemical analyses indicated that the enhanced separation arises primarily from differences in electrostatic interactions between BTACl and the DEM/EA molecules. The small molecular size and strong nucleophilicity of BTACl contribute to its competitive binding, promoting preferential solubilization of DEM over EA.
Furthermore, the BTACl-based DESs offer operational advantages such as tunable polarity, low toxicity, and recyclability, making them environmentally benign alternatives for industrial extraction applications. This study demonstrates that benzyltrimethylammonium chloride is a versatile and high-performance component for designing DESs tailored to achieve selective separation of volatile oxygenates, providing a promising strategy for green solvent development in chemical and pharmaceutical industries.
