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Sideridou-Karayannidou, I., and G. Seretoudi. Polymer 40.17 (1999): 4915-4922.
N,N-Dimethylaminoethyl acrylate (DMAEA) has been employed as a functional monomer in the free-radical copolymerization with N-vinylcarbazole (NVC) to prepare water-soluble copolymers with tunable thermal and solubility properties. Copolymerization was carried out in toluene or DMF at 60 °C using 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the initiator. Reactivity ratios, determined via the extended Kelen-Tüdös method, were r₁ = 0.52 ± 0.05 and r₂ = 0.56 ± 0.05 in toluene, indicating nearly random incorporation of DMAEA and NVC units, while solvent effects in DMF led to a shift in monomer reactivity (r₁ = 0.44 ± 0.04, r₂ = 0.18 ± 0.03).
Copolymer characterization by UV and ¹H-NMR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of both NVC and DMAEA co-units. The absence of high-field aromatic signals characteristic of PNVC in the ¹H-NMR spectra verified the formation of true copolymers rather than a mixture with homopolymer. Crude copolymers obtained from DMAEA-rich solutions exhibited elastomeric behavior with glass transition temperatures below ambient conditions, whereas NVC-rich copolymers formed white powders. Viscosity measurements and number-average molecular weight determination highlighted the influence of monomer ratio and solvent on polymer chain growth and microstructure.
DMAEA's electron-withdrawing β-vinyl carbon facilitates controlled radical copolymerization, enabling the preparation of hydrophilic, flexible polymers suitable for aqueous applications and film-forming systems. This work demonstrates that DMAEA serves as a versatile monomer for tailoring copolymer solubility, mechanical properties, and thermal behavior, expanding its utility in advanced polymer materials for coatings, biomedical devices, and water-soluble functional polymers.
Xiao, Yan, et al. Biopolymers 110.9 (2019): e23318.
N,N-Dimethylaminoethyl acrylate (DMAEA) has been employed as a functional monomer for post-modification of biodegradable poly(l-cysteine) (PLC) to produce dual-responsive polypeptide copolymers (PLC-g-DMAEA) with both temperature- and pH-sensitive behavior. The copolymer was synthesized by combining N-carboxyanhydride ring-opening polymerization of PLC with thiol-ene click chemistry, exploiting the pendant thiol groups on PLC as reactive sites for DMAEA grafting.
Thermo-responsive behavior of PLC-g-DMAEA arises from ordered β-sheet formation within the polypeptide backbone upon heating, which traps the grafted DMAEA side groups and reduces water accessibility, leading to irreversible phase transitions. pH-responsiveness is conferred by the tertiary amine groups of DMAEA: the copolymer precipitates between pH 7.5 and 9.7, while protonation (pH < 7.5) or salt formation of masked thiol groups (pH > 9.7) restores water solubility. This dual stimuli-responsiveness is preserved through the thiol-ene click reaction, demonstrating that DMAEA can be readily incorporated onto a biodegradable backbone without compromising its functional properties.
Structural analyses revealed that the primary and secondary structures of PLC influence the conformation and responsiveness of the resulting copolymer, highlighting the interplay between backbone architecture and functional side chains. The study establishes DMAEA as a versatile vinyl monomer for engineering biodegradable smart materials, enabling the design of stimuli-responsive polymers suitable for biomedical applications such as controlled drug delivery, tissue engineering, and bioactive coatings.
