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Gabor, Andreea E., et al. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 61.1 (2016): 535-542.
This case study presents the application of tetrabutyl ammonium hydrogen phosphate (TBAH2PO4) as a functionalizing agent for magnesium silicate to enhance the removal of La(III) ions from aqueous solutions. The functionalized adsorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and surface area determination, revealing a specific surface area of 194 m²·g⁻¹ and well-dispersed active sites.
Experimental investigations demonstrated that the adsorption process is highly efficient, with an optimum adsorbent dose of 4 g·L⁻¹ and a contact time of 15 minutes achieving ~95% La(III) removal at 298.15 K. Kinetic studies indicated that the adsorption follows a pseudo-second-order model, suggesting chemisorption as the dominant mechanism. Thermodynamic analysis confirmed that the process is spontaneous and endothermic, with a positive activation energy of 10.7 kJ·mol⁻¹. Equilibrium data fitted well with the Sips model, indicating heterogeneous adsorption sites, and the maximum adsorption capacity was determined to be 9.13 mg·g⁻¹.
The functionalization with tetrabutyl ammonium hydrogen phosphate enhances the interaction between La(III) ions and magnesium silicate by introducing phosphate groups capable of strong coordination, improving ion accessibility and surface reactivity. This approach demonstrates a rapid, high-capacity, and thermodynamically favorable adsorption process, making the functionalized material a promising candidate for lanthanide recovery and wastewater remediation.
Overall, the use of tetrabutyl ammonium hydrogen phosphate in surface functionalization exemplifies its versatility in designing high-performance adsorbents for rare earth element extraction and advanced aqueous separation technologies.
Ghosh, Kumaresh, Indrajit Saha, and Amarendra Patra. Tetrahedron Letters 50.20 (2009): 2392-2397.
This case study highlights the application of tetrabutyl ammonium hydrogen phosphate (TBAH2PO4) in the development of a novel ortho-phenylenediamine-based fluorescent cleft for selective anion recognition. The cleft, designed with an open binding site, exhibits a pronounced response toward TBAH2PO4 in acetonitrile (CH3CN), as evidenced by a significant quenching of anthracene fluorescence. This selectivity enables sensitive detection of dihydrogen phosphate ions under organic conditions, while other anions, including sodium salts of phosphate and hydrogen phosphate, induce only moderate changes in emission intensity.
The sensing mechanism was elucidated through complementary spectroscopic techniques, including 1H NMR, UV-vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy, confirming that the interaction between the cleft and TBAH2PO4 is primarily driven by specific anion recognition within the open cavity. In aqueous methanol, TBAH2PO4 showed minimal effect on emission, highlighting the solvent-dependent nature of the binding interaction, whereas tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate was effectively sensed under similar conditions.
The incorporation of tetrabutyl ammonium hydrogen phosphate as the target analyte demonstrates its utility not only as a phosphate source but also as a benchmark for evaluating molecular recognition systems. The study provides a molecular framework for designing selective fluorescent sensors capable of detecting phosphate species with high specificity, offering potential applications in environmental monitoring, biochemical assays, and analytical chemistry.
Overall, tetrabutyl ammonium hydrogen phosphate plays a crucial role in validating selective anion recognition strategies and advancing the development of high-performance, fluorescence-based sensing platforms.
Guo, Chenxing, et al. Organic letters 20.17 (2018): 5414-5417.
This study demonstrates the application of tetrabutyl ammonium hydrogen phosphate (TBAH2PO4) in selective anion recognition using a pyrene-functionalized tetrakis-(1H-pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde) receptor (anion receptor 1). The receptor exhibits a high binding affinity toward TBAH2PO4 in chloroform, significantly surpassing its interaction with other tested salts. Fluorescence quenching of the pyrene moiety occurs upon addition of dihydrogen phosphate anions, with a remarkably low limit of detection (LOD) of approximately 46 nM, highlighting the receptor's sensitivity and potential for trace-level phosphate sensing.
Solid-state characterization by X-ray diffraction revealed a unique sandwich-type complex, [1·3TBAH2PO4]2, wherein two receptor molecules are bridged by six dihydrogen phosphate anions arranged in an S-like conformation. This structural insight confirms the formation of a stable, multi-point hydrogen-bonded network, illustrating the molecular basis for the receptor's high selectivity and strong binding affinity.
The study establishes tetrabutyl ammonium hydrogen phosphate as a critical analyte for validating advanced molecular recognition systems, particularly in the context of fluorescence-based detection strategies. Its use provides a benchmark for designing selective anion sensors with both high sensitivity and structural specificity. These findings underscore the potential of TBAH2PO4 in environmental monitoring, analytical chemistry, and supramolecular chemistry research, where selective recognition of phosphate species is essential.
Overall, the incorporation of tetrabutyl ammonium hydrogen phosphate in this receptor system highlights its utility in developing highly selective and sensitive fluorescence-based anion detection platforms.
