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Li, Zhongke, et al. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 679 (2025): 31-42.
Tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBABF₄) has been applied as a dual-function electrolyte and catalyst for the selective electrocatalytic depolymerization of lignin under mild conditions. This approach targets the cleavage of the challenging Cα-Cβ bonds in lignin, converting lignin model molecules and birch lignin into high-value acetal products.
In the optimized system, methanol (MeOH) served as a solvent, with TBABF₄ at 0.008 M, substrate concentration of 0.02 M, a constant current of 30 mA, and a reaction time of 3 hours. Under ambient temperature and air atmosphere, the system achieved a substrate conversion of 95.8 % and a benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal (Bda) yield of 98.0 %, with over 90 % of products being acetals.
Mechanistic studies revealed that TBABF₄ generates tributylammonium radical cations adsorbed on the electrode surface, which activate O₂ to form superoxide anion radicals. These active species play a crucial role in selective oxidation, promoting efficient Cα-Cβ bond cleavage while minimizing by-product formation. The process highlights TBABF₄'s unique ability to function as both an electrolyte and a catalytic mediator, facilitating a gentle, energy-efficient depolymerization pathway.
This study demonstrates the potential of TBABF₄ in transforming abundant lignin biomass into value-added chemicals via electrochemical catalysis. The methodology offers a sustainable route for lignin valorization and provides a foundation for future exploration of ionic-liquid-based catalytic systems in selective bond cleavage and biomass conversion.
Abate, Seid Yimer, et al. Organic Electronics 125 (2024): 106984.
Tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBATFB) has been employed as an effective surface treatment to enhance the performance and stability of organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cells. Polycrystalline perovskite films inherently contain a high density of defects, including halide vacancies and cation anti-site defects, which limit power conversion efficiency (PCE) and long-term stability.
TBATFB interacts with the perovskite surface via hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions, forming a one-dimensional (1D) perovskitoid capping layer, TBAPbI1.66Br0.34BF4, atop the three-dimensional (3D) perovskite. The bulky TBA⁺ cations effectively passivate cation vacancies, while the BF₄⁻ anions suppress halide vacancies, collectively reducing both electron and hole trap states. This defect passivation minimizes nonradiative recombination and improves charge-carrier dynamics, as confirmed by PL, SCLC, and fs-TAS measurements.
The 1D/3D heterostructure device exhibited a champion PCE of 21.68%, surpassing the 20.03% of the control device. Furthermore, the TBATFB-derived perovskitoid layer acts as a moisture barrier, protecting the 3D perovskite from environmental degradation. Devices maintained 99% of their initial performance after 720 hours under ambient conditions (RH = 40-60%).
This study demonstrates TBATFB's dual functionality as both a passivating agent and structural modifier, enabling simultaneous enhancement of efficiency and stability. The results highlight TBATFB as a versatile reagent for defect engineering in perovskite solar cells, providing a pathway for the development of durable, high-performance photovoltaic devices.
Zhang, Hongxi, et al. Industrial Crops and Products 220 (2024): 119292.
Tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBABF₄) has been applied as an effective auxiliary electrolyte for the mild electrocatalytic depolymerization of lignin and its model compound, benzyl phenyl ether (BPE), without the need for additional oxidants. This approach targets selective cleavage of the α-O-4 bond in lignin, generating value-added acetals with minimal by-product formation.
In optimized conditions, methanol was used as the solvent, with TBABF₄ facilitating the reaction at ambient temperature. A carbon cloth counter electrode and a platinum working electrode enabled efficient electron transfer. The system achieved a substrate conversion rate of 95.7 % for BPE and a corresponding yield of 92.4 % for benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal (Bda) within 2 hours. Mechanistic studies indicated that TBABF₄ promotes α-O-4 bond cleavage, generating active benzyl species, which are selectively oxidized to Bda, demonstrating both high conversion efficiency and product selectivity.
This methodology highlights TBABF₄'s dual role as an electrolyte and catalytic mediator, enhancing the electrochemical cleavage of robust lignin linkages under mild conditions. By enabling efficient depolymerization with minimal side reactions, TBABF₄ offers a promising avenue for sustainable lignin valorization and the generation of fine chemicals from renewable biomass. The study establishes TBABF₄ as a versatile reagent in electrocatalytic biomass conversion, paving the way for future research in green chemical processes and biomass-based platform chemicals.
