Chen, Biao, et al. Electrochemistry 84.6 (2016): 414-419.
Polyquaternium-2, a conditioner commonly used in hair or skin care products. According to the MSDS of polyquaternium-2, it has low toxicity and can be used as a zinc plating additive. Polyquaternium-2 contains two quaternary ammonium cations and two chloride ions in its molecular structure. Therefore, it may be a candidate for a leveler for copper electroplating.
Interaction of Polyquaternium-2 with Copper Surface
Polished and cleaned copper surfaces without polyquaternium-2 treatment were used as a comparison. The FE-SEM images of the polished and cleaned copper surfaces without or with polyquaternium-2 treatment are shown in Figs. a and b, respectively. As can be seen from Fig. a, many grooves are generated during the polishing process. Compared with Fig. a, Fig. b shows a completely different morphology. There are many small particles with a diameter of about 20-50 nm on the surface of copper. In addition, after the copper surface is covered with these small particles, it is difficult to observe the grooves generated by the polishing process. It can be considered that the adsorbed polyquaternium-2 changes the morphology of the copper surface.
Wu, Mingjie, et al. Green chemistry 18.9 (2016): 2699-2709.
Nitrogen-sulfur-doped hierarchical porous carbon (N-S-HPC) exhibits superior ORR catalytic performance to commercial Pt/C catalysts in alkaline media, including high catalytic activity, significant long-term stability, and strong methanol tolerance. Even in acidic medium, most non-noble metal catalysts have high overpotential and low durability, and N-S-HPC also shows amazing ORR activity.
Synthesis of N-S-HPC Using Polyquaternium-2
1. Under magnetic stirring, 3.63 g of Polyquaternium-2 (PQ-2) solution (62 wt%) was added to the pre-synthesized SiO2 solution (45 wt% PQ-2 content relative to silica), resulting in an adherent PQ-2 layer Spontaneous coating.
2. Then, a solution of FeSO4 7H2O containing 0.3 g of Fe was added to the mixture with stirring over 3 hours.
3. The resulting viscous solution was then dried at 85 °C for 48 hours.
4. The obtained solid was ground into fine powder in an agate mortar and then pyrolyzed under nitrogen atmosphere at 800 °C for 1 hour at a heating rate of 20 °C/min.
5. SiO2 was leached using excess sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (4 M) solution for 48 hours. The resulting powder was washed with deionized water for neutralization and then dried overnight.
6. To remove excess phases, mainly unreacted metallic iron and iron compounds, the samples were acid-leached using 0.5 M H2SO4 at 85 °C for 8 hours, and then re-pyrolyzed at 800 °C under the same conditions as the first heat treatment 1 hours to obtain the final catalyst sample.
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