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Jia, Meng, et al. Construction and Building Materials 217 (2019): 331-342.
This case study examines the application of stearyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (1831) as an efficient organic modifier for the preparation of organomontmorillonite (OMMT) aimed at improving bitumen performance. When introduced into montmorillonite (MMT), this long-chain quaternary ammonium salt effectively expands the clay interlayer spacing through cation exchange, yielding a more orderly lamellar structure with reduced curling, as confirmed by SEM and XRD analyses.
Bitumen modified with 1831-OMMT exhibits significantly enhanced high-temperature rheological stability, attributed to the increased stiffness and improved resistance to deformation imparted by the organoclay network. Although the high-temperature performance is slightly lower than that of 1827-OMMT, the 1831-OMMT modified bitumen demonstrates superior low-temperature flexibility, indicating a more balanced thermomechanical response. This improvement is linked to its optimized alkyl-chain length and interfacial compatibility with bitumen components.
Storage stability evaluations show excellent homogeneity and minimal segregation, confirming strong interactions between 1831-OMMT and bitumen molecules. FTIR, XRD, and AFM analyses further reveal the formation of an exfoliated nanostructure, where bitumen molecules intercalate into expanded interlayer galleries, enhancing dispersion and network reinforcement.
Overall, stearyl trimethyl ammonium chloride serves as a highly effective intercalating and exfoliating modifier for MMT, enabling the preparation of advanced OMMT nanostructures that substantially upgrade both the performance and structural stability of modified bitumen.
Zhang, Zengping, et al. Construction and Building Materials 171 (2018): 33-43.
This case study highlights the application of stearyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (1831) as a high-efficiency organic modifier for the preparation of organic rectorite (OREC) used in advanced asphalt modification. When exchanged with Na-rectorite (Na-REC), 1831 significantly enhances the clay's lipophilicity and produces the largest interlayer spacing among the tested quaternary ammonium salts, outperforming both dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (1231) and lauryl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (1227). Hydrophilicity tests confirm that 1831 imparts the strongest affinity toward organic media, enabling superior dispersion within the asphalt matrix.
Structural analyses (XRD, FTIR, SEM) reveal that 1831-modified rectorite achieves partial exfoliation upon incorporation into asphalt-an effect not observed for other modifiers. This exfoliated nanostructure promotes more efficient intercalation of asphalt molecules, yielding enhanced reinforcement and improved microstructural uniformity.
Performance testing indicates that asphalt modified with 1831-OREC exhibits the best high-temperature deformation resistance, accompanied by increased softening point and viscosity. Although all rectorite-based modifiers reduce low-temperature ductility, 1831-OREC delivers the most favorable overall modification performance. Moreover, thermal storage stability tests show exceptional phase stability with minimal segregation during prolonged heating.
AFM observations further confirm that 1831-OREC acts as a potent heterogeneous nucleation center for asphaltenes, contributing to a more stable and refined asphalt microstructure.
Overall, stearyl trimethyl ammonium chloride plays a pivotal role in generating high-performance OREC materials, enabling substantial advancement in asphalt nanomodification technology.
Chen, Ruxia, et al. Fuel 279 (2020): 118224.
This case study highlights the application of stearyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (STAC) as an effective cationic surfactant for improving the dewatering efficiency of coal tailings. Coal tailings containing clay minerals, such as kaolinite, typically exhibit high moisture retention and poor filtration performance, posing challenges for industrial water management. The addition of STAC to coal tailings slurry significantly enhanced dewatering by increasing particle hydrophobicity, reducing filtrate surface tension, and neutralizing particle charge.
Filtration tests demonstrated that STAC-treated tailings produced filter cakes with substantially lower moisture content compared to untreated samples. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that STAC adsorption morphologies differ on coal and kaolinite surfaces, with more uniform monolayer adsorption observed on kaolinite, driven by electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations indicated that the nitrogen atoms of STAC anchor to particle surfaces while the hydrophobic alkyl chains orient toward water, inhibiting water molecule attachment and promoting efficient drainage.
The combined experimental and computational analyses confirm that STAC improves tailings hydrophobicity at the molecular level, optimizing filtration kinetics and water removal. This application not only enhances solid-liquid separation in coal processing but also reduces energy consumption and water retention in tailings management systems.
Overall, stearyl trimethyl ammonium chloride proves to be a highly effective dewatering agent, demonstrating significant potential for industrial applications in coal processing and mineral slurry treatment. Its molecular design allows precise surface modification, making it a key additive for improving operational efficiency and environmental performance in tailings management.
